While increased blood viscosity results in the elevation in FV. Figure 1 illustrates a variety of acoustic windows.Īs indicated in Table 1, each vessel has a unique depth range, flow direction, and appropriate age-associated flow velocity (FV) range nevertheless, these data are influenced by a variety of physiological and pathological conditions, such as increase in age, CSF pressure, and central venous pressure lead to the decrease in the FV. In adults, the four most frequently used acoustic windows are temporal, suboccipital, orbital, and submandibular. It is only feasible to insonate the cerebral arteries via the acoustic window while using a low-frequency probe ( Basri et al., 2021). TCD’s ease of use as a diagnostic approach could lead to an increase in its utility in clinical and research settings for a variety of cerebrovascular conditions ( Bhogal, 2021). When dealing with cerebrovascular complications, TCD is considered to be the most practical technique to keep track of vascular alterations in response to treatment. Such parameters provide physiologic information that can be used in combination with structural information taken from a variety of existing imaging techniques ( Purkayastha and Sorond, 2012). In the basal cerebral arteries, the TCD imaging tool uses low-frequency ultrasonic waves (i.e., ≤2 MHz) to evaluate blood flow parameters and cerebrovascular hemodynamics in real-time. Introduction Transcranial Doppler Ultrasonography ![]() ![]() This review summarizes the basic principles underlying the TCD imaging technique and its utility as a diagnostic tool for cerebrovascular disease. Timely diagnosis and treatment can restore the brain-impaired functions, resulting in a much-improved prognosis for the patients. The brain’s functions can be temporarily or permanently impaired as a result of this change in blood flow. Cerebrovascular disease indicates a group of disorders that alter the flow of blood in the brain. However, owing to its large operator dependency, it has a narrow application area. TCD is a commonly available and inexpensive diagnostic tool. TCD is a less expensive, non-invasive, and practically simpler approach to diagnosing cerebrovascular disorders than the others. Imaging techniques including transcranial Doppler (TCD), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), computed tomography (CT), and cerebral angiography are available for cerebrovascular disease diagnosis. Department of Neurology, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.Some report templates and usual diagnosis opinions are included to improve convenience for doctor to edit diagnosis report, and the report can easily be outputted and used in different computers.Yuanmei Pan Wenbin Wan Minjie Xiang Yangtai Guan * To compare spectrum of lesion and normal region to help diagnosis of vascular spasm and stenosis. To find blood vessel quickly, improve detection efficiency.ī. One 2MHz probe may synchronously detect blood flow signals of two or four depths and realize the following functions:Ī. ![]() Under playback status, gain, envelop and some other parameters can be adjusted to obtain the best off-line spectrum and data. ![]() And all the original dynamic data about multi-depth & multi-vessel can be played back synchronously without time limitation. Record complete clinical information including audio & spectrum for follow-up and consultation. With professional thrombus-distinguishing technology, automatically detect and record embolus, synchronous playback of embolus spectrum and audio. Two probes (dual channel) working at the same time detect multi-vessel with the depth of various gates for comparison of the left and right sides and monitoring, especially for critical patients and research.
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